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Introduction
Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East
and the second most populous on the African continent
(after Nigeria). The population of Egypt represents
1.20 percent of the world´s total population which
arguably means that one person in every 84 people on
the planet is a resident of Egypt. One of the main features
of the Egyptian population over the last few decades
is the gradual increase in the absolute and relative
numbers of older people. This trend is expected to continue
over the next decades. Egypt is expected to maintain
the highest rank in absolute numbers in both old and
oldest populations in the region, in 2050 Egypt is expected
to have the largest number of old (23.7 million) and
oldest old (3.1 million) populations in the region.
The Egyptian census is carried out every 10 years; the
last one was in 2006. The percent of older people "defined
as 60 years of age and more" was 4.4% in 1976,
5.75% in 1996, rising to 6.27% in 2006. The percentage
is projected to be 6.9% in 2015, 9.2% in 2021, and it
is expected to reach 20.8% in 2050. This means that,
around 20 million Egyptians will be categorized as elderly
by that time; this is a big number that resembles a
full nation in some parts of the world.
Figure 1: Population Estimates & Projections
of Egypt (1950-2050)
(Source: world population prospects. Revised 2012)
Population ageing is widespread across the world. It
arises from two demographic effects: increasing longevity
and declining fertility. An increase in longevity raises
the average age of the population by increasing the
numbers of surviving older people. A decline in fertility
reduces the number of babies, and as the effect continues,
the numbers of younger people in general also reduce.
The decline in fertility in Egypt is actually planned
too. Since mid of the 20th century, Egypt has been suffering
from the problem of rapid population increase, a phenomenon
faced by most developing countries as a result of programs
of environmental improvement, preventive care, as well
as medical progress in better diagnosis and treatment
of diseases causing a dramatic decline in number of
deaths. That decline was not accompanied with a similar
decrease in number of births which resulted in a major
population increase associated with a growing pressure
on the scarce economic resources.
As a result, since 1973, Egypt has been adopting a set
of population policies and strategies aiming for family
planning. As a result, the average number of children
per family declined from about five children during
the eighties to about three in 2005. And still the National
Population Strategy (2002-2017) is targeting to bring
down the average number of children to two per family
by 2017.
Life expectancy in Egypt at birth is 72.9 years for
females and 70.1 for males (CAPMAS, 2016). In 2014,
it was 71.8 years, 74 years for females, and 69.5 years
for males. The life expectancy for males at birth was
60.5 years in 1986 while for older people was 14.3 years.
In 2026 the expected life expectancy for males at birth
will be 74.7 years and for older people will be 19.3
years. So the percent of increase in life expectancy
for males at birth from 1986 to 2026 is 23.5% and for
older people is 35%. Similarly, for females at birth
the percent increase is 25 % and for older females 44%.
The rate of population aging may also be modulated by
migration. Immigration usually slows down population
aging, because immigrants tend to be younger and have
more children. On the other hand, emigration of working-age
adults accelerates population aging.
Although the effects of migration on population aging
are usually stronger in smaller populations, because
of higher relative weight (proportion) of migrants in
such populations, still, the Egyptian aged population
can be affected by migration. According to the International
Organization for Migration, an estimated 2.7 million
Egyptians live abroad and contribute actively to development
of their country through remittances, circulation of
human and social capital, as well as investment. Approximately
70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600
in Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan,
190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region)
and the remaining 30 % are living mostly in North America
(318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada) and
Europe (90,000 in Italy). Still, this number may be
much less than the actual number, if there is a defect
in reporting to the embassy on arrival to a new country.
In addition, there is the migration within the country
from rural to urban areas, leaving the elderly behind.
This causes variation in the distribution of the aged
population within the Egyptian governorates. According
to the last Egyptian census, the absolute total number
of the elderly is greater in rural areas than urban
ones, in spite of the fact that their percentage is
more in urban (7.18%) than rural (5.6%).
A distinctive feature of the elderly population throughout
the world is the preponderance of women over men "feminization"
of population aging (because of longer life expectancy
among women). The greater improvement in female life
expectancy than that for males will not only result
in lower sex ratios for the elderly population as a
whole, hence a predominance of females, but for the
individual elderly females, greater longevity will very
often result in loss of support from spouse, and greater
economic deprivations. Current sex ratio in Egypt is
83 men for 100 women.
Click here for
Figure 2: Population Pyramid of Egypt
Population ageing is a medal with two sides. Currently
the public focus is primarily on negative aspects related
to the socio-demographic development, such as increasing
spending for pensions, as well as problems in the field
of social and health care. Yet population ageing also
offers opportunities, for
example, in the voluntary work on behalf of retirees.
Positive aspects of aging
Although elder people are often considered as a homogeneous
social group which is 'passive', 'unproductive' and
dependent, yet, ageing is an individual process and
elder people are anything but a homogeneous group.
Not all seniors will become terminally ill the day after
they turn 60. Many old people are not in need of the
care of others, and, on the contrary, may be caregivers
themselves. In fact, they could live up to 30 or more
additional years and, without major disabilities.
Older people can live vigorous and active lives until
a much later age than in the past and if they're encouraged
to be productive, they can be economic contributors
as well.
They can be creative, have a network of friends and
family, exercise, be reasonably healthy and they continue
to grow, learn, help and teach others, using their cultural
background, knowledge, expertise and experience.
For instance, they are able to guide the young people
through various ways. Elderly Egyptians are the resource
for providing training, advice and skills in many fields.
In the Egyptian Universities for instance, retired Professors
after 60 years of age, continue giving lectures, training
courses, and supervising theses and research.
Not only that, the elderly people can also assist in
taking care of their grandchildren. Thus, this will
allow their children to work thus increasing economic
productivity.
As long as the elderly female is in good health, she
is carrying out her household work, helping in bringing
up her grandchildren, whereas the older man carries
out the outdoor activities, like taking grandchildren
out or driving them to school, especially within families
with young men travelling abroad, working in the gulf
area for example, and leaving the wife and children
behind with the grandparents.
Egyptians have a strong family web, supporting each
other. Some elderly even provide financial support to
their sons, daughters and grandchildren.
Implications of population
ageing and Policy response
While population aging represents, in one sense, a success
story for mankind (massive survival to old ages has
become possible), it also poses profound challenges
to public institutions that must adapt to a changing
age structure. The rapid ageing of the population can
be considered a great threat to the preservation of
society welfare.
Population aging has many important socio-economic and
health consequences, including the increase in the old-age
dependency ratio (the number of individuals of retirement
ages compared to the number of those of working ages).
It presents challenges for public health as well as
for economic development.
Detailed and accurate data on elderly population size
and characteristics is the essential first step to describe
the real situation, to conduct effective development
planning and help project future needs of elderly in
context with other sectors of population and to determine
gaps that need to be closed and achievements that need
to be sustained.
Table 1: Egyptian Elderly population and services
The policy making bodies
in Egypt, mainly the Ministry of Health and Population,
Ministry of Social Solidarity, the universities and
the academic institutions have been long acting to cope
with population ageing.
Social
highlights
The family has been and still is the main social institution,
which offers support and services to the aged. However,
social changes e.g. rural-urban migration with older
people left behind, Egyptian women increasingly being
employed outside homes, changing in housing stock (nuclear
instead of extended family) and decreasing family size
with fewer people in the 'young generation' available
to take care of larger numbers of people in the 'old
generation', have created some demands for extra-familial
services.
According to the Egyptian constitution, the government
is obliged to provide services of medical and social
security for aged. Legislation, laws, resolutions and
programs on the protection and promotion of seniors'
human rights were laid down for the social and medical
security systems aiming to give the elderly the maximum
support they need.
There are some privileges offered to older people by
the government including; 25% discount for local transportation
(50% for railways), 50% discount in the price of entry
tickets for theaters, cinemas, clubs, and fairs, 10%
discount in the price of air tickets for local/national
flights and 5 % for international flights, and 20% for
internal tourism (trips).
Social insurance law: The law adjudicates disbursing
security pensions - through the Social Insurance Fund
for the governmental sector and the Insurance and Pensions
Fund for the public and private sectors in the following
cases: (aging, disability and death- work injuries-
illness- unemployment- social welfare for pension beneficiaries),
on top of this pension beneficiaries' list come elderly.
The ministry of Social Solidarity also has laid down
a number of laws and regulations over the past years
supporting the elderly. In 1990 the Ministry laid down
the internal regulations of the geriatric clubs, in
1992 set a committee for celebrating with the day of
the elderly, and in 1997 established the higher committee
for the geriatric care. Law 84/2002 on regulating the
work of NGOs and private foundations, allowed elderly
to participate in the management of some NGOs, run projects
and utilizing their capabilities; it is worth noting
here that most NGO's boards in Egypt consist of seniors.
Health care services
Population aging is a great challenge for the health
care systems. Although the health status of older people
is improving over time now and the life expectancy is
increasing, still, with aging, the prevalence of disability,
frailty, cancer, and chronic diseases (Alzheimer's disease,
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, etc.) is
expected to increase, especially with the large growth
in the oldest old group (+70yrs old) that constitutes
31.73% of the Egyptian elderly and 2.5% of the Egyptian
population. The older the person is, the more likely
they are to face a compounding of multiple health, psychological
and social problems that make accurate medical diagnosis
and proper medical management difficult.
Elderly people have high risk for functional impairments
with inability to perform ordinary activities of daily
living (ADL) and activities related to household management
termed instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).
Therefore, a country in which there are increases in
the older population has to be prepared for the epidemiologic
transition from infectious diseases of the young population
to the chronic diseases of the old population. In such
conditions health services and resources have to be
directed to medical care as well as home and institutional
care.
Various services for elderly are provided through governmental,
private, and non- governmental sectors. The government
also provides some medical services through the medical
insurance scheme. It has been estimated that 6% of the
total population have been covered by the Health Insurance
Organization (HIO).
The Egyptian national medical security covers all pensioners
with subscription of 1% from monthly pension salary
(2% for widows). The medical services are distributed
all over the governorates.
In addition to the general health services, whether
governmental or private, available for the use by the
elderly, there are other special services for the older
people that have developed in Egypt.
Since 2007, 11 geriatric healthcare centers (offering
health care services to elderly people through specialists
from different branches) have been set up by the Ministry
of Health distributed all over the governorates.
Ministry of Health has also established Clinical Diagnostic
Service to the dementia patients (Memory clinic in hospitals)
since January 2000. The service included assessment
service, counseling and family support.
Outside the ministry of health, academic units provide
a very satisfactory unique model of care including;
• Geriatrics and Gerontology Department - Ain
Shams University
The Geriatrics and Gerontology Department at Faculty
of Medicine- Ain Shams University started in 1982, as
a day care unit providing services to the elderly patients
of the medical and psychiatry department, then development
and growth went on where an outpatient clinic was established
and the department was developed in 1994, and over time
more services were developed in the department including
geriatric intensive care unit in 2000, and an osteoporosis
unit in 2002.
The department involved 23 inpatient, plus 9 ICU beds,
an osteoporosis Unit which offers diagnostic and therapeutic
services, and daily outpatient clinic. Comprehensive
geriatric assessment is being carried out through a
multidisciplinary team including geriatricians, nurses,
social workers, physiotherapists, psychologists, dieticians,
and speech therapists. In addition to the care offered
to the patient, family and caregiver education and psychological
support is offered by the team.
Currently the department is being renovated; the 3 floor
building was put down and in its place a 7 floor building
is being established with a capacity of 109 beds including
36 ICU beds. The new hospital will be offering several
levels of care including acute and subacute care, long
term care and day care services.
•
Center of elderly care, Helwan University (CEC)
The center of elderly care - Helwan University was established
in 1996, as a self-financed unit under the umbrella
of the center for community development in Helwan University.
Services offered include; 10 inpatient beds, day care
services and out-patients clinic.
A Long term unit is also available in the CEC mainly
for frail older people who are functionally dependent
on others for their ADLs and IADLs.
Examples of other unique centers include; center of
geriatric service, Nasr city, and geriatric department
in Palestine Hospital.
Military hospitals also provide elderly care services,
and NGOs and the private sector also play a role.
In addition, population aging implied new services that
meet the specific needs of the elderly including homes
for the aged and geriatric clubs.
As for the Egyptians themselves, the family has been
and still is the main social institution, which offers
support and services to the aged. According to a report
from Cairo Demographic Center most elderly people (66.8%)
live with sons and daughters and (13%) live with spouse.
A small percentage (9.1%) of elderly people live with
relatives other than mentioned above and the same percentage
live alone due to different reasons.
However, social changes e.g. rural-urban migration with
older people left behind, Egyptian women increasingly
being employed outside homes, changing in housing stock
(nuclear instead of extended family) and decreasing
family size with fewer people in the 'young generation'
available to take care of larger numbers of people in
the 'old generation', have created some demands for
extra-familial services.
All these factors caused changes in living arrangements
resulting in an increasing number of older people living
alone especially females, raising the need for institutions
for the aged.
The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed a great
concern of the Egyptians about institutions. The establishment
of the first ministry of social affairs in 1939 represented
a milestone in social work. Since then, official policy
has encouraged and supported social work through numerous
associations. One of these is the General Association
for the Care of the Aged established in 1981 to offer
social, cultural, and religious services to the aged
with branches in different governorates. The association
has given the priority to two services: setting up homes
and clubs for the aged and training staff for this purpose.
By the financial support of the Ministry of Social Affairs,
several associations have set up homes in different
parts of the country.
The participation of NGOs in care of elderly started
before 1939. Many houses for the elderly had been established
by local and foreign social organizations before that
date; many of these houses are still operating in the
present and such services were sometimes offered on
a religious basis.
The first home for aged in Egypt was established in
1900. In 1980, the total number of geriatric homes in
Egypt was 63, increasing to 94 in 1990, 103 in 2000,
161 in 2011and currently reaching to 170 in 2015 with
a capacity of more than 4,800 elderly. All of the registered
geriatric homes are supervised by the ministry of social
affairs.
These homes provide medical, social and recreational
services and allow the elderly to live with dignity.
Several elderly clubs have been established all over
the country with different activities practiced under
the supervision of the organizing committees and the
ministry of social affairs. The number of these clubs
was 50 clubs in 1990, and increased to be 110 in 1999
with a ratio of increase 120%. The numbers of elderly
who benefited from this service were 8,538 in 1990 which
increased in 1996 to be 23,970 with an increase of 181%.
In 2011, there was 193 clubs with 40,171 elderly benefiting
from them. Currently, the number of these clubs reached
196 all over Egypt.
The day services are offered in the elderly clubs through
which medical, social and recreational services are
introduced.
Since 2011, 52 physiotherapy units attached to the geriatric
homes and clubs are offering rehabilitation for 50,000
elderly.
In 2009, the Ministry of Social Affairs developed offices
(most of them were attached to elderly clubs) that provide
home care services (as basic activities of daily living)
for the elderly especially those living alone. These
offices were 30 distributed all over the Egyptian governorates
serving 40,000 elderly but unfortunately this service
stopped in 2011.
There are 857 NGOS concerned with geriatric care and
their branches are distributed all over the Egyptian
governorates. In spite of being a large number, this
represents only 1.55% of the whole Egyptian NGOS. NGOs
play a key role in the field of social work in support
of governmental plans. They carry out their plans within
the framework of stable regulatory and structural mechanisms,
namely the General Union of NGOs, regional unions and
specific unions.
Some of them are offering social and medical services
e.g. the Egyptian society of geriatric care. Others
are scientific e.g. Egyptian Society of Gerontology,
Egyptian Alzheimer's Society, and Egyptian Society of
Psycho-geriatrics. Some of these NGOS do provide some
integrated services in the form of homes for the aged
along with hospital and religious services.
Still, there is minimal role of NGOS in policy planning
of care of elderly, in research work, and in media to
increase the awareness of population by the problem
of aging. Every individual organization works separately,
with minimal communication between each other.
Alzheimer Egypt society was started in 1999. It aims
at raising awareness among the health and social care
providers to persons with dementia and their caregivers.
It has many activities such as monthly "Alzheimer
café" a meeting to support persons with
dementia and their carers; annual celebration of the
"Alzheimer day"; non-regular Alzheimer bulletin;
and a health education book for caring after persons
with dementia at home.
The Egyptian Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology,
an NGO, was founded late in the year 2014. Being founded
by geriatric specialists, The Geriatric and Gerontology
Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, it adopted
a more specific way to decide on its goals that are
to be based more on the needs of the seniors in the
Egyptian community goals than most others. In order
to attend to actual needs of the senior Egyptian citizens
on multiple levels (e.g. medical, social, financial
and any other societal services) rather than the expected,
the Society started a project of building a database
on the needs of the Egyptian seniors.
Wikiageing, a knowledge management tool, was established
in 2014 by academics from Ain Shams Geriatrics and Gerontology
Department. Its mission is to promote and improve the
elderly care in MENA. The tool operates by the Wiki
technology based on a dynamic website (http://wikiageing.org/).
It is a collaborative, voluntary, open access knowledge
project aiming at improving the elderly care in the
Arab speaking region. Wikiageing as an open access knowledge
tool provides a means to pool knowledge, categorizes
knowledge, networking, and general knowledge management.
Several conferences, symposiums, and workshops concerned
with ageing have been held in Egypt over the past years.
These were sponsored by either the Ministry of Health,
Ministry of social affairs, Universities, and non-governmental
organizations. They were aiming to orient the health-professionals
and also the general people with aging and the elderly
needs.
Media also made modifications to cope with the graying
of the population. The Radio developed a channel specific
for old people, and the television developed a program
since 1994 called
'Age Spring' 
The national newspaper 'Al-Ahram' developed a page since
2001 named
'Age Flower' 
concerned with older people. There is also a special
Radio channel for elderly named
"Elderly specialized Radio  "
broadcasted all through the day.
Large amounts of research in
the field of aging was done and still ongoing to develop
a data base of the elderly population and their needs.
Bulletins are published regularly by non-governmental
organizations e.g. 'towards healthy aging', 'sound of
time' 
"the Butterfly 
", and 'for better mental health for the elderly'.
Social training programs are presented by the Ministry
of Insurance and Social Welfare including a program
for older people to prepare the population for the changes
that occur after retirement.
The whole health system in Egypt became oriented to
the phenomenon of aging. For several years now, the
Ministry of Health started to have residents for geriatric
medicine with training courses and residency programs
offered to them in collaboration with the academic departments.
As mentioned above several services were established
to cope with the elderly needs and others will be. A
large number of Egyptian geriatric specialists and consultants
are available nowadays across the country. Health professionals
were trained and are being trained for geriatric care.
Training
programs for health professionals
With the graying of the population, geriatric medicine
specialty was developed and well established in Egypt
with continuous education and training programs for
the health professionals dealing with elderly patients.
Geriatric medicine education
programs
• The Geriatrics and Gerontology Department
at Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
The Geriatrics and Gerontology Department at Ain Shams
University is the only academic department in Egypt
that offers Diploma, Master Degree and Doctoral Degree
in geriatric medicine connected to a specialized residency
program and clinical training courses.
The Ain Shams geriatrics and gerontology department
is a center of excellence specialized in elderly care
in Egypt and the MENA region. The scope of the department
involves three main domains; education, research and
medical services.
By now there are more than 80 trained physicians working
in the department with positions and titles of professors,
associate professors, consultants, lecturers, and residents
fulfilling the residency program. In addition the department
has trained and graduated many physicians to work in
the Ministry of Health in Egypt and in some Arab countries.
Establishing a stable system and advocating the specialty
led to training of new generations of geriatricians
and spreading the department mission locally and regionally.
The department is also involved in the teaching process
of the undergraduates and introduced the first undergraduate
curriculum in geriatrics in Egypt to promote skills
of handling elderly patients, and to spread knowledge
about geriatric medicine and gerontology. Also courses
are designed for physicians of the Ministry of Health,
nurses and caregivers. The department is helping build
capacities and training doctors for other equivalent
departments in Egyptian universities (Mansoura, Suez
Canal and Helwan) and the Ministry of Health (11 departments).
A large amount of research was
carried out by the department covering varying fields
of geriatric medicine and gerontology and has been published
in varying national, regional and international journals
and still ongoing research is being carried out to study
the old aged population and their needs.
0n 2014, the department developed the Egyptian Journal
of Geriatrics and Gerontology, a peer-reviewed journal
aiming to address the most significant aging issues
affecting health status and quality of life of older
individuals. The journal addresses research on biological,
clinical, epidemiological, and psychosocial aspects
of later life.
• Geriatric Physical therapy education programs
Geriatric physical therapy education is available in
three Physical therapy colleges. The study of geriatrics
is introduced at the third year undergraduate for two
terms. Postgraduate studies are available to attain
higher diploma, Master and Ph.D. degrees.
• Geriatric Nursing education programs
At the colleges of nursing (Alexandria, Tanta, Mansura,
Cairo universities, etc) there is a module in geriatrics
nursing both at the undergraduate level as well as postgraduate
level at the diploma level, M.Sc., and Ph.D. in geriatric
nursing.
• The Higher Institute
for Public Health, Alexandria university
This is a postgraduate institute for public health.
There are 9 academic departments of which one is the
Department of Health at old age. This department offers
postgraduate training in geriatric health at the diploma
level, Master degree level and Ph.D. degree level in
Geriatric public health.
• Colleges of Social Services:
In Helwan, and Assiut Universities, provide Diploma,
Master degree and Ph.D. in geriatric care. Also in the
other Universities, geriatric care is included in the
undergraduate curriculum with training courses and field
training.
The Ministry of Health and Population started from 2001
to develop health programs targeting older people within
its structure. These include;
• Short term training program for family physicians
held with the collaboration of experts from Ain Shams
University. These programs are held twice a year and
aim to train such physicians to acquire skills in geriatric
practice.
• Short term training program for community nurses
held with the collaboration of experts from Ain Shams
University. These programs aim to train such nurses
in geriatric nursing skills.
Training courses for professional
caregivers
Different governmental and non-governmental organizations
are involved in training of professional caregivers.
These programs are very variable in terms of method
of training, length of training, and course objectives.
Some of these programs would link such training with
mechanisms to employ the trainee either in long term
units or home care programs, but others would just offer
the training. Organizations offering these courses include;
Geriatrics and Gerontology Department at Ain Shams University,
College of Nursing at Cairo University, CEC, and the
Red Crescent.
Recommendations
According to the principles and recommendations for
action of the International Plan of Action on Ageing,
endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982,
and the United Nations Principles for Older Persons,
adopted by the General Assembly in 1991, which provided
guidance in areas of independence, participation, care,
self fulfillment and dignity, Aging is a mass phenomenon,
and international and regional cooperation is needed
for creating a supportive community for the aged worldwide.
National, regional and inter-country dialogues need
to be established to lay down a joint strategy and plan
of action.
Ageing must be incorporated within social and economic
strategies, policies and action. The national security
system umbrella must be enlarged to cover a wider range
of older population.
Good linkage between all the governmental and non-governmental
organizations is needed for more success in the aging
story.
Empowering NGOs is needed to achieve their objectives
and functions through supporting them technically and
financially. In addition, the role of the private sector
must be activated.
Elderly must be encouraged to participate actively in
the economic, political, social and cultural life of
their societies enabling the society to rely increasingly
on the skills, experience and wisdom of older persons.
The potential of older persons is a powerful basis for
future development.
In spite of all the efforts carried out in the field
of elderly care and support, these efforts are still
segregated. Properly managed integrated systems for
health and welfare services would result in more effective
and efficient coordination of the care needed by older
persons.
The significant increase in life expectancy implies
not only heightened demand for the existing services
but also for new services and alternative approaches
to meet the varied and specific needs of the older persons.
A good health status of elder people can have a positive
influence on public budgets in this context; hence,
an increase of preventative measures may pay off in
the long-run.
Existing services need also to be expanded to cover
the increasing number of the elderly all over the Egyptian
governorates.
Educational and training programs must be extended to
include physicians and health professionals all over
the governorates.
Programs to educate the people on how older people can
contribute, and how their life experiences can be a
tremendous asset to the community and not a threat to
the younger generations must be established aiming to
change society's perception of older persons and establish
age-friendly community.
Also programs for the older people must be carried out
for orienting them to retirement coping and establishing
the attitude of positive aging.
Research on ageing and age related issues must be encouraged
as an important instrument for the formulation of policies
on ageing. The results of this research should be taken
into consideration in planning the strategy and policy
of health care for ageing
Acknowledgment:
I would like to appreciate the effort of Dr Ahmed Shawki
Mohamedeen, Lecturer of Geriatrics and Gerontology-
Faculty of Medicine- Ain Shams University, in enriching
the report with updated data.
Main
References
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics
(2016): Egypt by figures, Cairo http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics
(2006):Census book 2006, Cairo
www.un.org/ageing/documents/workshops/Vienna/egypt.pdf
http://www.worldbank.org/.
Refaay M A et al (2007): Role of Non-governmental Organizations
in the Care of Egyptian Elderly. Msc Thesis. Geriatrics
and Gerontology Department Library. Ain Shams University.
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